Capuchin Crypt

The Capuchin Crypt is a small space comprising several tiny chapels located beneath the church of Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini on the Via Veneto near Piazza Barberini in Rome, Italy. It contains the skeletal remains of 4,000 bodies believed to be Capuchin friars buried by their order.[1] The Catholic order insists that the display is not meant to be macabre, but a silent reminder of the swift passage of life on Earth.[2]

Described by Frommer's as "one of the most horrifying images in all of Christendom",[3] large numbers of the bones are nailed to the walls in intricate patterns, many are piled high among countless others, while others hang from the ceiling as light fixtures.

Contents

Construction of the crypt

“ The apartments for this purpose are very small, yet harbour hundreds of such tenants. They lie here till they are dried up; when they are brought to light again, in order to yield their former spaces to their successors. ”

—Arthur Aikin, "The Annual Review", 1806</ref>

When the monks arrived at the church in 1631, they brought 300 cartloads of deceased friars. Fr. Michael of Bergamo oversaw the arrangement of the bones in the burial crypt.[4] The soil in the crypt was brought from Jerusalem,[5] by order of Pope Urban VIII.[6]

As monks died during the lifetime of the crypt, the longest-buried monk was exhumed to make room for the newly-deceased who was buried without a coffin[7], and the newly-reclaimed bones were added to the decorative motifs.[5][8] Bodies typically spent 30 years decomposing in the soil, before being exhumed.[9]

Rooms of the crypt

“ "This must be a revolting sight", said I to my friend; "and what appears to me yet more disgusting is that these remains of the dead are only exposed in this manner for the sake of levying a tax on the imbecility of the living". ”

—J. D. de Chatelain, 1851[9]

There are six total rooms in the crypt, five featuring a unique display of human bones believed to have been taken from the bodies of friars who had died between 1528 and 1870.

  1. Crypt of the Resurrection, featuring a picture of Jesus raising Lazarus from the dead, framed by various parts of the human skeleton. The key to interpreting the crypt's displays of funereal art lies in the Christian belief in the Resurrection of the body and everlasting life .
  2. The Mass Chapel, as an area used to celebrate Mass, does not contain bones. In the altar-piece, Jesus and Mary exhort St. Felix of Cantalice, St. Francis of Assisi, and St. Anthony of Padua to free souls from Purgatory. The chapel contains a plaque with the acronym DOM, which stands for Deo Optimo Maximo ("To God, the Best and Greatest"), a term initially used to refer to the pagan god Jupiter but claimed by later Christians. The plaque contains the actual heart of Maria Felice Peretti, the grand-niece of Pope Sixtus V and a supporter of the Capuchin order.[10] The chapel also contains the tomb of the Papal Zouaves who died defending the Papal States at the battle of Porta Pia.
  3. Crypt of the Skulls
  4. Crypt of the Pelves
  5. Crypt of the Leg Bones and Thigh Bones
  6. Crypt of the Three Skeletons The center skeleton is enclosed in an oval, the symbol of life coming to birth. In its right hand it holds a scythe, symbol of death which cuts down everyone, like grass in a field, while its left hand holds the scales, symbolizing the good and evil deeds weighed by God when he judges the human soul. A placard in five languages declares

    "What you are now we used to be; what we are now you will be..."

Impact on visitors

“ The reflection that he must someday be taken apart like an engine or a clock...and worked up into arches and pyramids and hideous frescoes, did not distress this monk in the least. I thought he even looked as if he were thinking, with complacent vanity, that his own skull would look well on top of the heap and his own ribs add a charm to the frescoes which possibly they lacked at present ”

—Mark Twain, The Innocents Abroad, 1869

The Marquis de Sade noted that he found his 1775 journey to the crypt was worth the effort, and Nathaniel Hawthorne noted its grotesque nature in his 1860 novel The Marble Faun.

As of 1851, the crypt was only opened to the public, in exchange for an admittance fee, for the week following All Souls Day.[9]

From 1851 to 1852, women were not allowed admittance to the crypt.[11][9]

See also

References

  1. ^ Alba Amoia, "Stendhal's Rome: Then and Now"
  2. ^ Frank J. Korn, "Hidden Rome"
  3. ^ Frommer's Rome, 2008
  4. ^ Christine Quigley, "Skulls and Skeletons: Human Bone Collections and Accumulations", page 172
  5. ^ a b Augustus John Cuthbert Hare, "Walks in Rome", 1882
  6. ^ Tom Weil, "The Cemetery Book", 1993
  7. ^ Newman Hall, "The Land of the Forum and the Vatican"
  8. ^ Folke Henschen, 1965
  9. ^ a b c d Jean Baptiste de Chatelain, "Rambles Through Rome", 1851
  10. ^ Gary M. Devore, "Walking Tours of Ancient Rome", 2008
  11. ^ Charlotte Anne Eaton, "Rome in the Nineteenth Century", 1852

External links